Pathophysiological studies on sugar beet plants infected with Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of Alternaria leaf spot

Thikrayat S. ALMUQRIN; Afaf A. RASHED; Mashail N. ALZAIN; Manal HASSAN; Mohamed LABIB; Sondos A. ALHAJOUJ; Haifa A.S. ALHAITHLOUL; Bahnasy KAMERELDAWLA; Nadi A. AL-HARBI; Mohamed ABDELRAZEK; Shimaa A. EL-EMARY; Khaled ABDELAAL; Magdy EL-NAGGAR; Salem HAMDEN

doi:10.15835/nbha53414829

Authors

Thikrayat S. ALMUQRIN Northern Border University, College of Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Arar, 91431 (SA)
Afaf A. RASHED Umm Al-Qura University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 24381 (SA)
Mashail N. ALZAIN Princess Noura bint Abdulrahman University, College of Science, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671 (SA)
Manal HASSAN Agricultural Research Center, Sugar Crops Research Institute, Plant Pathology Department, Giza, 12619 (EG)
Mohamed LABIB Agricultural Research Center, Sugar Crops Research Institute, Plant Pathology Department, Giza, 12619 (EG)
Sondos A. ALHAJOUJ Jouf University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Sakaka, Aljouf, 72341 (SA)
Haifa A.S. ALHAITHLOUL Jouf University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Sakaka, Aljouf, 72341 (SA)
Bahnasy KAMERELDAWLA Agricultural Research Center, Sugar Crops Research Institute, Plant Pathology Department, Giza, 12619 (EG)
Nadi A. AL-HARBI University of Tabuk, University College of Tayma, Biology Department, Tabuk, 47512 (SA)
Mohamed ABDELRAZEK Kafrelsheikh University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Chemistry and Toxicity of Pesticides, Kafrelsheikh, 33516 (EG)
Shimaa A. EL-EMARY Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Sugar Crops Research Institute, Plant Protection Department. (Plant Pathology Branch), Kafrelsheikh, 32511 (EG)
Khaled ABDELAAL Kafrelsheikh University, Faculty of Agriculture, EPCRS Excellence Center, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Kafr Elsheikh, 33516 (EG)
Magdy EL-NAGGAR Kafrelsheikh University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Botany (plant pathology), Kafr Elsheikh, 33516 (EG)
Salem HAMDEN Kafrelsheikh University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Botany (plant pathology), Kafr Elsheikh, 33516, Egypt (EG)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha53414829

Keywords:

Sugar beet, phytochemical compounds, GC-MS, acetone extract, Capsicum annuum, fungicide

Abstract

In vitro and in vivo experiments have been conducted to investigate the effect of the acetone extract of Capsicum annuum (ACA) and the fungicide Eminent (EMT) on Alternaria leaf spot (ALS) disease of sugar beet in Egypt. In vitro, the ACA was more effective than the fungicide, EMT as to its effect on linear growth inhibition of Alternaria alternate measured by IC₅₀ (the concentration inhibiting 50% of linear fungal growth). Sixteen bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in ACA by Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis as follows: pentadecanoic acid, 14- methyl and methyl ester followed by n- Hexadecanoic acid, 1-(+) Ascorbic acid 2.6-dihexadecanoate, 6.9- Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ether, 10- Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, Ethanol, 2-(9, 12- octadecadienyloxy)-, (Z, Z), 9, 12- octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z), 17- Octadecynoic acid, Oleic Acid, Cis- vaccenic acid, 2- myristynoyl pantetheine, Adipic acid, di(oct-4-yl ester), Di isooctyl adipate, alpha- Naphthyl red 1- Naphthalenamine, 4(phenylazo), Di -n- octyl phthalate 1,2- Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester and capsaicin. Identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time of molecular weight, and molecular formula. In vivo experiments, the efficacy % of ACA treatment in reducing ALS was higher than treatment of EMT. Both treatments led to an increase in the total yield, sucrose %, and white sugar.

References

Abdelaal Kh, Ragab A, El-Hag D, Osman M (2019). Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on productivity and quality of sugar beet plants at North Delta Region, Egypt. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 28(11):7833-7839

Abdelaal KAA (2015). Pivotal role of bio and mineral fertilizer combinations on morphological, anatomical, and yield characters of sugar beet plant (Beta vulgaris L.). Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research 4(4):717-734. http://www.curresweb.com/mejar/mejar/2015/717-734.pdf

Abdelaal Kh, Tawfik SF (2015). Response of sugar beet plant (Beta vulgaris L.) to mineral nitrogen fertilization and bio-fertilizers. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 4(9):677-688.

Abd-rabboh A, Mazrou Y, E-borhamy A, Abdelmasieh W, Hafez Y, Abdelaal Kh (2021). Effect of sowing dates and seed rates of flax intercropped with sugar beet on productivity of both crops and competitive relationships. Rom Biotechnol Letter 26(6):3074-3089. https://doi.org/10.25083/rbl/26.6/3074-3089

Aboul-Fotouh SM, Aboul-Gheit NA, Hassan MM (2011). Conversion of methanol using modified H-MOR zeolite catalysts. Chinese Journal of Catalysis 32(3-4): 412-417.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/s1872-2067(10)60187-8

Alabi KA, Lajide L, Owolabi BJ (2018). Biological activity of oleic acid and its primary amide: Experimental and computational studies. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria 43(2):9-18.

‏

Alamin MA, Samia MA, Alqurashi AM, Elsheikh AS (2016). Bactericidal activity of Psidium guajava leaves against some pathogenic microbes. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 15:61-70.‏

Albertini C, Gredt M, Leroux P (2003). Polymorphism of 14α-demethylase gene (CYP51) in the cereal eyespot fungi Tapesia acuformis and Tapesia yallundae. European Journal of Plant Pathology 109(2):117-128.‏ https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022584822191

AlKahtani MDF, Hafez Y, Attia K, Rashwan E, Husnain LA, AlGwaiz HIM, Abdelaal Kh (2021). Evaluation of silicon and proline application on the oxidative machinery in drought-stressed sugar beet. Antioxidants 10(3):398. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030398

AL-Obaidi FJ, Thaker AA, Ramizy A (2021). GC-Mass spectrometry analysis of Iraqi Moringa Oleifera seeds extract. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 15(1):2275.‏ https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v15i1.13741

Aebi H (1984). Catalase in vitro. In: Methods in Enzymology. Academic press 105:121-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3

Akhtar R, Javaid A, Qureshi MZ (2020). Bioactive constituents of shoot extracts of Sisymbrium irio L. against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae. Planta Daninha 38:e020200961. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582020380100008

Ayaz M, Junaid M, Ullah F, Subhan F, Sadiq A, Ali G, ... Ahmad S (2017). Anti-Alzheimer’s studies on β-sitosterol isolated from Polygonum hydropiper L. Frontiers in Pharmacology 8:697.‏ https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00697

Balaji M, Thamilvanan D, Vinayagam SC, Balakumar BS (2017). Anticancer, antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of selected microalgal members of Chlorophyceae. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 8:3302-3314.‏

Bashir AIE (2019). Characterization of some phytochemicals from Sudanese medicinal plants and their biological activity. Doctoral dissertation. Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan.‏

Belakhdar G, Benjouad A, Abdennebi EH (2015). Determination of some bioactive chemical constituents from Thesium humile Vahl. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences 6(10):2778-2783.

‏

Beschi DA, Appavoo MR, Wilsy JI (2021). GC-MS analysis, collected from Kavalkinaru area, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine 8(11):2021.

‏

Bolton MD, Rivera-Varas V, del Río Mendoza LE, Khan MF, Secor GA (2012). Efficacy of variable tetraconazole rates against Cercospora beticola isolates with differing in vitro sensitivities to DMI fungicides. Plant disease 96(12):1749-1756.‏ https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-12-0255-re

Campbell JC (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet 359(9314):1331-1336.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08336-8

Chopra RN (1933). Indigenous drugs of India. Their medical and economic aspects. The Art Press, Calcutta pp 655.

Chuang PH, Lee CW, Chou JY, Murugan M, Shieh BJ, Chen HM (2007). Anti-fungal activity of crude extracts and [p;/’essential oil of Moringa oleifera Lam. Bioresource Technology 98(1):232-236.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.003

Cichewicz RH, Thorpe PA (1996). The antimicrobial properties of chile peppers (Capsicum species) and their uses in Mayan medicine. Journal of ethnopharmacology 52(2):61-70.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(96)01384-0

Cooke DA, Scott RK (1993). The sugar beet crop: Science into practice. In: Cooke DA, Scott RK (Eds). Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

Derbalah AS, Keratrum AY, El-Dewy ME, El-Shamy EH (2013). Efficacy of some insecticides and plant extracts against Tetranychus urticae under laboratory conditions. Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research 1(3):47-69.

‏

Dunning A, Byford W (1982). Pests, diseases and disorders of the sugar beet. Broom's Barn Experimental Station, UK.

Dhingra OD, Sinclair JB (1995). Basic plant pathology methods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315138138

El-Damhougy KA, Bashar MAE, El-Naggar HA, Ibrahim HA, Abou-Senna FM (2017). GC-MS analysis of bioactive components of Callyspongia crassa (Porifera) from Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea (Egypt). Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science 9:111-118.

‏

El-Sayed AB (2000). Integrated control of fungal leaf spots on sugar beet. PhD. Thesis. Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt.

‏

Finney DJ (1971). Probit analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge p 333.

Franc GD (2009). Alternaria leaf spot. In: Haveson RM, Hanson LE, Heil G.L (Eds). Compendium of beet diseases and pests. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.

Gibson JJ, Carmichael L (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.

‏

Grace OMA, Kolawole IA (2020). GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the extracts of Daedalea elegans: A Nigerian mushroom. African Journal of Microbiology Research 14(6):204-210.‏ https://doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2019.9120

Gray FA (1995). Distribution and incidence of sugar beet diseases in the Wind River and Big Horn river basins of Northwest Wyoming. University of Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, B. Laramie, WY.

Hafez Y (2010). Control of Botrytis cinerea by the resistance inducers benzothiadiazole (BTH) and hydrogen peroxide on white pepper fruits under postharvest storage. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 45(1):13-29.‏ https://doi.org/10.1556/aphyt.45.2010.1.2

Hafez Y, Abdelaal Kh (2015). Investigation of susceptibility and resistance mechanisms of some Egyptian wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) inoculated with Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici using certain biochemical, molecular characterization and SEM. Journal Plant Protection and Pathology. Mansoura University 6:431-454. https://doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2015.53305

Hammerschmidt R, Nuckles EM, Kuć J (1982). Association of enhanced peroxidase activity with induced systemic resistance of cucumber to Colletotrichum lagenarium. Physiological Plant Pathology 20(1):73-82.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-4059(82)90025-x

Hanse B, Raaijmakers EEM, Schoone AHL, Van Oorschot PMS (2015). Stemphylium sp, the cause of yellow leaf spot disease in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in the Netherlands. European Journal of Plant Pathology 142(2):319-330.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0617-8

Harvey CW, Dutton JV (1993). Root quality and processing. In: The sugar beet crop. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.‏ pp. 571-617.

Heydari A, Pessarakli M (2010). A review on biological control of fungal plant pathogens using microbial antagonists. Journal of Biological Sciences 10(4):273-290.‏ https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2010.273.290

Holtschulte B (2000). Cercospora beticola worldwide distribution and incidence. Cercospora Beticola 2:5-16.

‏

Humphrey JH, McFarlane AS (1954). Rate of elimination of homologous globulins (including antibody) from the circulation. Biochemical Journal 57(2):186. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0570186

Iheme CI, Ukairo DI, Oguoma OI, Nwaogu LA, Ezirim AU, Nzebude CP, Ezerioha CC (2021). GC-MS profile of Diodella sarmentosa (SW) Bacigalupo El Cabral ex Borhidi ethanol leaf extract and its total dehydrogenase inhibitory potential. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.04194.‏ https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.04194

Imad H, Muhanned A, Aamera J, Cheah Y (2014). Analysis of eleven Y-chromosomal STR markers in the middle and south of Iraq. African Journal of Biotechnology 13(38):3860-3871. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2014.14107

Jaddoa HH, Hameed IH, Mohammed GJ (2016). Analysis of volatile metabolites released by Staphylococcus aureus using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and determination of its antifungal activity. Oriental Journal of Chemistry 32(4):8-24.‏ https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/320439

Jasim SF, Baqer NN, Alraheem EA (2018). Detection of phytochemical constituents in flowers of Viola odorata by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11(5):262-9.‏ https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.24288

Jayawardana MA (2022). Studies on diversity of Alternaria alternata associated with Alternaria Leaf Spot in sugar beet. PhD Thesis. Michigan State University. https://doi.org/doi:10.25335/m2v8-8w74

Kadhim MJ, Mohammed GJ, Hussein H (2016). Analysis of bioactive metabolites from Candida albicans using (GC-MS) and evaluation of antibacterial activity. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 8(7):655-670.

‏

Karaoglanidis GS, Ioannidis PM, Thanassoulopoulos CC (2001). Influence of fungicide spray schedules on the sensitivity of Cercospora beticola to the sterol demethylation-inhibiting fungicide flutriafol. Crop Protection 20(10):941-947.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00049-7

Kareem MA, Hussein AO, Hameed IH (2015). Y-chromosome short tandem repeat, typing technology, locus information and allele frequency in different populations: A review. African Journal of Biotechnology 14(27):2175-2178. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb2015.14457

Kensa VM, Neelamegum R (2016). GC-MS determination of bioactive constituents of Hydrilla verticillata (LF) Royle. Collected from unpolluted and polluted water sources. Asian Journal of Biology 1(1):1-6.‏ https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2016/30954

Khairalla MEK (2020). Extraction, constituent, and biological activity of some phytochemicals. PhD Thesis. Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan.

Khalil AS, Rahim AA, Taha KK, Abdallah KB (2013). Characterization of methanolic extracts of agarwood leaves. Journal of Applied and Industrial Sciences 1(3):78-88.‏

Khan IH, Javaid A (2020). In vitro biocontrol potential of Trichoderma pseudokoningii against Macrophomina phaseolina. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 24(4):730-736. https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1494

Khan ME (2016). Antimalarial. Non-alkaloidal molecules from preliminary elucidation of Nauclea Diderechi extract. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutics 3(1):54- 60.‏ https://doi.org/10.15436/2377-1313.16.012

Khan MF, Smith LJ (2005). Evaluating fungicides for controlling Cercospora leaf spot on sugar beet. Crop Protection 24(1):79-86.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2004.06.010

Khan SAR, Yu Z, Belhadi A, Mardani A (2020). Investigating the effects of renewable energy on international trade and environmental quality. Journal of Environmental Management 272:111089.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111089

Khan U, Khan IH, Javaid A, Ahmed D (2019). Pesticidal constituents in n-hexane inflorescence extract of Chenopodium quinoa. Mycopath 16(1):43-46.

Kirk RE (2012). Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences. Sage Publications (4th ed).‏ https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483384733

Kordali S, Cakir A, Akcin TA, Mete E, Akcin A, Aydin T, Kilic H (2009). Antifungal and herbicidal properties of essential oils and n-hexane extract of Achillea gypsicola Hub-Mor. and Achillea biebersteinii Afan. (Asteraceae). Industrial crops and products 29(2-3):562-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.11.002

‏

Mahmoud EA, Hassanin MA, Emara EI (2012). Effect of organic and mineral nitrogenous fertilizers and plant density on yield and quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Egyptian Journal of Agronomy 34(1):89-103.‏ https://doi.org/10.21608/agro.2012.112

Mangus LM, França MS, Shivaprasad HL, Wolf JC (2021). Relevant background lesions and conditions in common avian and aquatic species. ILAR journal 62(1-2):169-202.‏ https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilab008

Manilal A, Sujith S, Kiran GS, Selvin J, Shakir C (2009). Cytotoxic potentials of red alga, Laurencia brandenii collected from the Indian coast. Global Journal of Pharmacology 3(2):90-94.

‏

Marimuthu K, Nagaraj N, Ravi D (2014). GC-MS analysis of phytochemicals, fatty acids, and antimicrobial potency of dry Christmas lima beans. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 27(2):63-66.

‏

McFarlane JS, Bardin R, Snyder WC (1954). An Alternaria leaf spot of the sugar beet. Proceedings of the American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 8:241-245.

Mohamed AA, Mazrou Y, El-Henawy AS, Awad NM, Abdelaal Kh, Hafez Y, Hantash RMA (2022a). Effect of sulfur applied and foliar spray of yeast on growth and yield of sugar beet under irrigation deprivation conditions, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 31(4): 4199-4209.

Mohamed A, Mazrou Y, Omar A, Amer I, Hafez Y, Abdelaal Kh (2022b). Effect of irrigation intervals and antioxidant materials on growth, yield, and quality of sugar beet, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 31(3A): 3746-3753.

Mohamed A, Mazrou Y, El-Henawy AS, Nabil AMM, Moghanam AA, Hafez Y, Abdelaal Kh (2022c) Effect of boron and potassium levels on growth and yield of sugar beet under irrigation deprivation conditions. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 31(3A):3623-3632

Mohammed YH, Ghaidaa JM, Imad HH (2016). Analysis of bioactive chemical compounds of Nigella sativa using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy 8(2):8-24.‏ https://doi.org/10.5897/jpp2015.0364

Molina-Torres J, Garcı́a-Chávez A, Ramı́rez-Chávez E (1999). Antimicrobial properties of alkamides present in flavouring plants traditionally used in Mesoamerica: affinin and capsaicin. Journal of ethnopharmacology 64(3):241-248.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00134-2

Morsy SZ (2005). Studies on fungicidal activity of some fungicides and plant extracts against some plant pathogens. Faculty of Agriculture Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University.

Morsy SZ, Shady MF, Gouda MI, Kamereldawla BA, Abdelrazek MA (2022). A strategy for controlling Cercospora leaf spot, caused by Cercospora beticola, by combining induced host resistance and chemical pathogen control, and its implications for sugar beet yield. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 44(4):518-533. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2021.2024262

Ntasiou P, Myresiotis C, Konstantinou S, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E, Karaoglanidis GS (2015). Identification, characterization, and mycotoxigenic ability of Alternaria spp. causing core rot of apple fruit in Greece. International Journal of Food Microbiology 197:22-29.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.12.008

Ojinnaka CM, Nwachukwu KI, Ezediokpu MN (2015). The chemical constituents and bioactivity of the seed (fruit) extracts of Buchholzia coriacea Engler (Capparaceae). Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 19(4):795-801.‏ https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v19i4.29

Omara RI, Kamel SM, Hafez Y, Morsy SZ (2015). Role of non-traditional control treatments in inducing resistance against wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 25(3) 609-618.

‏

Poursafar A, Ghosta Y, Orina AS, Gannibal PB, Javan-Nikkhah M, Lawrence DP (2018). Taxonomic study on Alternaria sections Infectoriae and Pseudoalternaria associated with black (sooty) head mold of wheat and barley in Iran. Mycological Progress 17(3):343-356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-017-1358-1

Rajasekar G, Ebenezar EG, Thiruvudainambi S, Vanniarajan C, Vellaikumar MS (2020). Exploitation and identification of antifungal compounds of botanicals through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) against Bipolaris oryzae in rice. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 8(1):1509-1515

‏

Rosenzweig N, Hanson LE, Mambetova S, Jiang Q, Guza C, Stewart J, .... Somohano P (2019). Temporal population monitoring of fungicide sensitivity in Cercospora beticola from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in the Upper Great Lakes. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 42(4):469-479.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2019.1705914

Rosenzweig C, Mbow C, Barioni LG, Benton TG, Herrero M, Krishnapillai M, ... Portugal-Pereira J (2020). Climate change responses benefit from a global food system approach. Nature Food 1(2):94-97.‏ https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-0031-z

Saikarthik J, Ilango S, Vijayakumar J, Vijayaraghavan R (2017). Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of seeds of Mucuna pruriens by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 8(7):2916-2921.‏

Sandanasamy J, Nour AH, Tajuddin SN, Nour AH (2014). Chemical characterization and biological study of Azadirachta indica extracts. European Journal of Academic Essays 1(10):9-16.

‏

Skaracis GN, Pavli OI, Biancardi E (2010). Cercospora leaf spot disease of sugar beet. Sugar Technology 12(3):220-228.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-010-0055-z

Smigocki AC, Puthoff DP, Zuzga SAA, Ivic-Haymes SD (2009). Low efficiency processing of an insecticidal Nicotiana proteinase inhibitor precursor in Beta vulgaris hairy roots. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 97(2):167-174.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-009-9512-3

Smigocki A, Campbell L, Larson R, Wozniak C (2008). Sugar beet. In: Kole C, Hall TC (Eds). Compendium of transgenic crop plants. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Hoboken pp 59-96.

Snedecor GW, Cochran WG (1989). Statistical methods. Iowa State University Press, (8th ed), Iowa 54:71-82.

‏

Soumya SL, Nair BR (2012). Antifungal efficacy of Capsicum frutescens L. extracts against some prevalent fungal strains associated with groundnut storage. Journal of Agricultural Technology 8(2):739-750.

‏

Srivastava A, Cho IK, Cho Y (2013). The Bdtf1 gene in Alternaria brassicicola is important in detoxifying brassinin and maintaining virulence on Brassica species. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 26(12):1429-1440.‏ https://doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-13-0186-r

Sturrock RN, Frankel SJ, Brown AV, Hennon PE, Kliejunas JT, Lewis KJ, ... Woods AJ (2011). Climate change and forest diseases. Plant pathology 60(1):133-149.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02406.x

Tedford SL, Burlakoti RR, Schaafsma AW, Trueman CL (2019). Optimizing management of Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora beticola) of sugar beet in the wake of fungicide resistance. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 41(1):35-46. ‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2018.1561518

Tomlin CD (2009). The pesticide manual, a world compendium. British Crop Protection Council (14th ed), Alton, Hampshire 186-187.

Topps JH, Wain RL (1957). Investigations on fungicides. III. The fungitoxicity of 3‐and 5‐alkyl‐salicylanilides and para‐chloroanilides. Annals of Applied Biology 45(3):506-511.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1957.tb05888.x

Trkulja N, Milosavljević A, Stanisavljević R, Mitrović M, Jović J, Toševski I, …. Bošković J (2015). Occurrence of Cercospora beticola populations resistant to benzimidazoles and demethylation-inhibiting fungicides in Serbia and their impact on disease management. Crop Protection 75:80-87.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.05.017

Vakalounakis DJ (1990). Host range of Alternaria alternata f. sp. cucurbitae causing leaf spot of cucumber. Plant disease 74(3):227-230.‏ https://doi.org/10.1094/pd-74-0227

Van Eerd LL, Congreves KA, and Zandstra JW (2012). Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) storage quality in large outdoor piles is impacted by pile management but not by nitrogen fertilizer or cultivar. Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences 92:129-139. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-054

Vázquez-Fuentes S, Pelagio-Flores R, López-Bucio J, Torres-Gavilán A, Campos-García J, de la Cruz HR, … López-Bucio JS (2021). N-vanillyl-octanamide represses the growth of fungal phytopathogens in vitro and confers postharvest protection in tomato and avocado fruits against fungal-induced decay. Protoplasma 258(4):729-741.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-020-01586-x

Velayutham P, Karthi C (2015). GC-MS Profile of in vivo, in vitro and fungal elicited in vitro leaves of Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 7(1):260-267.

‏

Veloso J, Prego C, Varela MM, Carballeira R, Bernal A, Merino F, … Díaz J (2014). Properties of capsaicinoids for the control of fungi and oomycetes pathogenic to pepper. Plant Biology 16(1):177-185.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00717.x

Williams WL, Broquist HP, Snell EE (1947). Oleic acid and related compounds as growth factors for lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Biological Chemistry 170:619-630. ‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30843-8

Wilson JP (2000). Pearl millet diseases: A compilation of information on the known pathogens of pearl millet: Pennisetum Glaucum (L.) R. Br (No. 716). US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.

‏

Wolf PJ, Verreet JA (2002). An integrated pest management system in Germany for the control of fungal leaf diseases in sugar beet: The IPM sugar beet model. Plant Disease 86(4):336-344.‏ https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.4.336

Wu F, Misra M, Mohanty AK (2021). Challenges and new opportunities on barrier performance of biodegradable polymers for sustainable packaging. Progress in Polymer Science 117:101395.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101395

Wyse R (1979). Sucrose uptake by sugar beet tap root tissue. Plant physiology 64(5):837-841.‏ https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.64.5.837

Wyson JW, Deventhiran M, Saravanan P, Anand D, Rajarajan S (2016). Phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of Eclipta prostrata (L.) by GC-MS method. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 7(1):272.‏ https://doi.org/10.13040/ijpsr.0975-8232.7(1).272-78

Zalat SS, EL-Sayed AA, Elkhoby RA, Hafez Y, Ali E, Abdelaal Kh (2021). Effect of method and time of micronutrients application on sugar beet productivity under two nitrogen fertilizer sources, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 30(7A):9135-9141.